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Life is a characteristic distinguishing physical entities having biological processessuch as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceasedor because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate. Various forms of life exist, such as plantsanimalsfungiprotistsarchaeaand bacteria.

The criteria can at times be ambiguous and may or may not define virusesviroidsor potential artificial life as "living". Biology is the primary science concerned with the study of life, although many other sciences are involved. The definition of life is controversial. The current definition is that organisms maintain homeostasisare composed of cellsundergo metabolismcan growadapt to their environment, respond to stimuliand reproduce.

However, many other biological definitions have been proposed, and there are some borderline cases of life, such as viruses. Throughout history, there have been many attempts to define what is meant by "life" and many theories on the properties and emergence of living things, such as materialismthe belief that everything is made out of matter and that life is merely a complex form of it; hylomorphismthe belief that all things are a combination of matter and form, and the form of a living thing is its soul; spontaneous generationthe belief that life repeatedly emerges from non-life; and vitalisma now largely discredited hypothesis that living organisms possess a "life force" or "vital spark".

Modern definitions are more complex, with input from a diversity of scientific disciplines. Biophysicists have proposed many definitions based on chemical systems ; there are also some living systems theoriessuch as the Gaia hypothesisthe idea that the Earth itself is alive.

Another theory is that life is the property of ecological systemsand yet another is elaborated in complex systems biologya branch or subfield of mathematical biology.

Abiogenesis describes the natural process of life arising from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. Properties common to all organisms include the need for certain core chemical elements to sustain biochemical functions.

Life on Earth first appeared as early as 4. The mechanism by which life began on Earth is unknown, though many hypotheses have been formulated and are often based on the Miller—Urey experiment. The earliest known life forms are microfossils of bacteria. In Julyscientists reported identifying a set of genes believed to be present in the last universal common ancestor LUCA of all living organisms.

Since its primordial beginnings, life on Earth has changed its environment on a geologic time scale. To survive in most ecosystemslife must often adapt to a wide range of conditions. Some microorganismscalled extremophilesthrive in physically or geochemically extreme environments that are detrimental to most other life on Earth. Aristotle was the first person to classify organisms. Later, Carl Linnaeus introduced his system of binomial nomenclature for the classification of species.

Eventually new groups and categories of life were discovered, such as cells and microorganismsforcing dramatic revisions of the structure of relationships between living organisms. Cells are sometimes considered the smallest units and "building blocks" of life.

There are two kinds of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryoticboth of which consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane and contain many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Cells reproduce through a process of cell divisionin which the parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

Though currently only known on Earthlife need not be restricted to it, and many scientists believe in the existence of extraterrestrial life. Artificial life is a computer simulation or man-made reconstruction of any aspect of life, which is often used to examine systems related to natural life. Death is the permanent termination of all biological functions which sustain an organism, and as such, is the end of its life.

Extinction is the process by which an entire group or taxonnormally a speciesdies out. Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of organisms. It is a challenge for scientists and philosophers to define life. Since there is no unequivocal definition of life, most current definitions in biology are descriptive. Life is considered a characteristic of something that exhibits all or most of the following traits: These complex processes, called physiological functionshave underlying physical and chemical bases, as well as signaling and control mechanisms that are essential to maintaining life.

From a physics perspective, living beings are thermodynamic systems with an organized molecular structure that can reproduce itself and evolve as survival dictates. Others take a systemic viewpoint that does not necessarily depend on molecular chemistry.

One systemic definition of life is that living things are self-organizing and autopoietic self-producing. Variations of this definition include Stuart Kauffman 's definition as an autonomous agent or a multi-agent system capable of reproducing itself or themselves, and of completing at least one thermodynamic work cycle. Whether or not viruses should be considered as alive is controversial. They are most often considered as just replicators rather than forms of life.

However, viruses do not metabolize and they require a host cell to make new products. Virus self-assembly within host cells has implications for the study of the origin of lifeas it may support the hypothesis that life could have started as self-assembling organic molecules. To reflect the minimum phenomena required, other biological definitions of life have been proposed, [38] with many of these being based upon chemical systems.

Biophysicists have commented that living things function on negative entropy. Living systems are open self-organizing living things that interact with their environment. These systems are maintained by flows of information, energyand matter.

Some scientists have proposed in the last few decades that a general living systems theory is required to explain the nature of life. Instead of examining phenomena by attempting to break things down into components, a general living systems theory explores phenomena in terms of dynamic patterns of the relationships of organisms with their environment.

The idea that the Earth is alive is found in philosophy and religion, but the first scientific discussion of it was by the Scottish scientist James Hutton. Inhe stated that the Earth was a superorganism and that its proper study should be physiology. Hutton is considered the father of geologybut his idea of a living Earth was forgotten in the intense reductionism of the 19th century.

The first attempt at a general living systems theory for explaining the nature of life was inby American biologist James Grier Miller. Specifically, he identified the "nonfractionability of components in an organism" as the fundamental difference between living systems and "biological machines. A systems view of life treats environmental fluxes and biological fluxes together as a "reciprocity of influence," [50] and a reciprocal relation with environment is arguably as important for understanding life as it is for understanding ecosystems.

Morowitz explains it, life is a property of an ecological system rather than a single organism or species. Robert Ulanowicz highlights mutualism as the key to understand the systemic, order-generating behavior of life and ecosystems.

Complex systems biology CSB is a field of science that studies the emergence of complexity in functional organisms from the viewpoint of dynamic systems theory. A closely related approach to CSB and systems biology called relational biology is concerned mainly with understanding life processes in terms of the most important relations, and categories of such relations among the essential functional components of organisms; for multicellular organisms, this has been defined as "categorical biology", or a model representation of organisms as a category theory of biological relations, as well as an algebraic topology of the functional organization of living organisms in terms of their dynamic, complex networks of metabolic, genetic, and epigenetic processes and signaling pathways.

It has also been argued that the evolution of order in living systems and certain physical systems obeys a common fundamental principle termed the Darwinian dynamic. The underlying order-generating process was concluded to be basically similar for both types of systems.

Another systemic definition called the operator theory proposes that "life is a general term for the presence of the typical closures found in organisms; the typical closures are a membrane and an autocatalytic set in the cell" [59] and that an organism is any system with an organisation that complies with an operator type that is at least as complex as the cell. Some of the earliest theories of life were materialist, holding that all that exists is matter, and that life is merely a complex form or arrangement of matter.

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Empedocles BC argued that everything in the universe is made up of a combination of four eternal "elements" or "roots of all": All change is explained by the arrangement and rearrangement of these four elements. The various forms of life are caused by an appropriate mixture of elements. Democritus BC thought that the essential characteristic of life is having a soul psyche.

Like other ancient writers, he was attempting to explain what makes something a living thing. His explanation was that fiery atoms make a soul in exactly the same way atoms and void account for any other thing. He elaborates on fire because of the apparent connection between life and heat, and because fire moves.

Plato's world of eternal and unchanging Formsimperfectly represented in matter by a divine Artisancontrasts sharply with the various mechanistic Weltanschauungenof which atomism was, by the fourth century at least, the most prominent This debate persisted throughout the ancient world.

Atomistic mechanism got a shot in the arm from Epicurus The choice seems simple: In the 19th century, the advances in cell theory in biological science encouraged this view. The evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin is a mechanistic explanation for the origin of species by means of natural selection. Hylomorphism is a theory first expressed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle BC. The application of hylomorphism to biology was important to Aristotle, and biology is extensively covered in his extant writings.

In this view, everything in the material universe has both matter and form, and the form of a living thing is its soul Greek psycheLatin anima. There are three kinds of souls: Aristotle believed that while matter can exist without form, form cannot exist without matter, and that therefore the soul cannot exist without the body. This account is consistent with teleological explanations of life, which account for phenomena in terms of purpose or goal-directedness.

Thus, the whiteness of the polar bear's coat is explained by its purpose of camouflage. The direction of causality from the future to the past is in contradiction with the scientific evidence for natural selection, which explains the consequence in terms of a prior cause.

Biological features are explained not by looking at future optimal results, but by looking at the past evolutionary history of a species, which led to the natural selection of the features in question.

Spontaneous generation was the belief on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms. Typically, the idea was that certain forms such as fleas could arise from inanimate matter such as dust or the supposed seasonal generation of mice and insects from mud or garbage.

The theory of spontaneous generation was proposed by Aristotle[73] who compiled and expanded the work of prior natural philosophers and the various ancient explanations of the appearance of organisms; it held sway for two millennia.

It was decisively dispelled by the experiments of Louis Pasteur inwho expanded upon the investigations of predecessors such as Francesco Redi. Vitalism is the belief that the life-principle is non-material. This originated with Georg Ernst Stahl 17th centuryand remained popular until the middle of the 19th century. It is of historical significance because for the first time an organic compound was produced in inorganic reactions. During the s, Hermann von Helmholtzanticipated by Julius Robert von Mayerdemonstrated that no energy is lost in muscle movement, suggesting that there were no "vital forces" necessary to move a muscle.

The age of the Earth is about 4. Although the number of Earth's catalogued species of lifeforms is between 1. Estimates range from 8 million to million, [] [] with a more narrow range between 10 and 14 million, [] but it may be as high as 1 trillion with only one-thousandth of one percent of the species described according to studies realized in May All known life forms share fundamental molecular mechanisms, reflecting their common descent ; based on these observations, hypotheses on the origin of life attempt to find a mechanism explaining the formation of a universal common ancestorfrom simple organic molecules via pre-cellular life to protocells and metabolism.

Models have been divided into "genes-first" and "metabolism-first" categories, but a recent trend is the emergence of hybrid models that combine both categories. There is no current scientific consensus as to how life originated. However, most accepted scientific models build on the Miller—Urey experiment and the work of Sidney Foxwhich show that conditions on the primitive Earth favored chemical reactions that synthesize amino acids and other organic compounds from inorganic precursors, [] and phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayersthe basic structure of a cell membrane.

Living organisms synthesize proteinswhich are polymers of amino acids using instructions encoded by deoxyribonucleic acid DNA. Protein synthesis entails intermediary ribonucleic acid RNA polymers.

One possibility for how life began is that genes originated first, followed by proteins; [] the alternative being that proteins came first and then genes. However, because genes and proteins are both required to produce the other, the problem of considering which came first is like that of the chicken or the egg. Most scientists have adopted the hypothesis that because of this, it is unlikely that genes and proteins arose independently.

Therefore, a possibility, first suggested by Francis Crick[] is that the first life was based on RNA[] which has the DNA-like properties of information storage and the catalytic properties of some proteins. This is called the RNA world hypothesisand it is supported by the observation that many of the most critical components of cells those that evolve the slowest are composed mostly or entirely of RNA.

Also, many critical cofactors ATPAcetyl-CoANADHetc. The catalytic properties of RNA had not yet been demonstrated when the hypothesis was first proposed, [] but they were confirmed by Thomas Cech in One issue with the RNA world hypothesis is that synthesis of RNA from simple inorganic precursors is more difficult than for other organic molecules.

One reason for this is that RNA precursors are very stable and react with each other very slowly under ambient conditions, and it has also been proposed that living organisms consisted of other molecules before RNA.

Geological findings in showed that reactive phosphorus species like phosphite were in abundance in the ocean before 3. Inexperiments demonstrated Darwinian evolution of a two-component system of RNA enzymes ribozymes in vitro. Prebiotic compounds may have originated extraterrestrially. NASA findings inbased on studies with meteorites found on Earth, suggest DNA and RNA components adenineguanine and related organic molecules may be formed in outer space.

Forex ma cross strategy MarchNASA scientists reported that, for the first time, complex DNA and RNA organic compounds of life, including uracilcytosine and thyminehave been formed in the laboratory under outer space conditions, using starting chemicals, such as pyrimidinefound in meteorites. Pyrimidine, like how to hack pet society without cheat engine aromatic hydrocarbons PAHsthe most carbon -rich chemical found in the universemay have been formed in red giants or in interstellar dust and gas clouds, according to the scientists.

According to the panspermia hypothesis, microscopic life —distributed by meteoroidsasteroids and other small Solar System bodies —may exist throughout the universe. The diversity of life on Earth is a result of the dynamic interplay between genetic opportunitymetabolic capability, environmental challenges, [] and symbiosis. As a consequence of these microbial activities, the physical-chemical environment on Earth has been changing on a geologic time scalethereby affecting the path of evolution of subsequent life.

Because oxygen was toxic to most life on Earth at the time, this posed novel evolutionary challenges, and ultimately resulted in the formation of Earth's major animal and plant species. This interplay between organisms and their environment is an inherent feature of living systems. The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed as the zone of life on Eartha closed system apart from solar and cosmic radiation and heat from the interior of the Earthand largely self-regulating.

The biosphere is postulated to have evolvedbeginning with a process of biopoesis life created naturally from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds or biogenesis life created from living matterat least some 3. In a general sense, biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems.

This includes artificial biospheres such as Biosphere 2 and BIOS-3and potentially ones on other planets or moons. To live in most ecosystems, then, organisms must be able to survive a range of conditions, called the "range of tolerance.

Beyond these zones are the "zones of intolerance," where survival and reproduction of that organism is unlikely or impossible. Organisms that have a wide range of tolerance are more widely distributed than organisms with a narrow range of tolerance.

To survive, selected microorganisms can assume forms that enable them to withstand freezingcomplete desiccationstarvationhigh levels of radiation exposureand other physical or chemical challenges. These microorganisms may survive exposure to such conditions for weeks, months, years, or even centuries.

While all organisms are composed of nearly identical moleculesevolution has enabled such microbes to cope with this wide range of physical and chemical conditions. Characterization of the structure and metabolic diversity of microbial communities in such extreme environments is ongoing. Microbial trading binary options insurance forms thrive even in the Mariana Trenchthe deepest spot on the Earth.

Investigation of the tenacity money maker lyrics meaning black keys versatility of life on Earth, [] as well as an understanding of the molecular systems that some organisms utilize to survive such extremes, is important for the search for life beyond Earth.

All life forms require certain core chemical elements needed for biochemical functioning. These include carbonhydrogennitrogenoxygen, phosphorusand sulfur —the elemental macronutrients for all organisms [] —often represented by the acronym CHNOPS. Together these make up nucleic acidsproteins and lipidsthe bulk of living matter. Five of these six elements comprise the chemical components of DNA, the exception being sulfur. The latter is a component of the amino acids cysteine and methionine.

The most biologically abundant of these elements is carbon, which has the desirable attribute of forming multiple, stable covalent bonds.

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This allows carbon-based organic molecules to form an immense variety of chemical arrangements. Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

DNA and RNA are nucleic acid s; alongside proteins and complex carbohydratesthey are one of the three major types of macromolecule that are essential for all known forms of life.

Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler units called nucleotides. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone.

According to base pairing rules A with T, and C with Ghydrogen bonds bind the nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands to make double-stranded DNA. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.

DNA stores biological information. The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage, and both strands of the double-stranded structure store the same biological information. Biological information is replicated as the two strands are separated. The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases informally, bases.

It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information. Under the genetic codeRNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins.

These RNA strands are initially created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription. Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replicationproviding each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms animalsplantsfungiand protists store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organellessuch as mitochondria or chloroplasts.

Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher in Life is usually classified by eight levels of taxa—domains, kingdoms, phyla, td ameritrade stock trading costs, order, family, genus, and species.

In Mayscientists reported that 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of one percent described. The first known attempt to classify organisms was conducted by the Greek philosopher Aristotle — BCwho classified all living organisms known at that time as either a plant or an animalbased mainly on their ability to move.

He also distinguished animals with blood from animals without blood or at least without red bloodwhich can be compared with the concepts of vertebrates and invertebrates respectively, and divided the blooded animals into five groups: The bloodless animals were also divided into five groups: Though Aristotle's work in zoology was not without errors, it was the grandest biological synthesis of forex ppo indicator time and remained the ultimate authority for many centuries after his death.

The exploration of the Americas revealed large numbers of new plants and animals that needed descriptions and classification. In the latter part of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th, careful study of animals commenced and was gradually extended until it formed a sufficient body of knowledge to serve as an anatomical basis for classification. In the late s, Carl Linnaeus introduced his system of binomial nomenclature for the classification of species.

Linnaeus attempted to improve the composition and reduce the length of the previously used many-worded names by abolishing unnecessary rhetoric, introducing new descriptive terms and precisely defining their meaning.

The fungi were originally treated as plants. For a short period Linnaeus had classified them in the taxon Vermes in Animalia, but later placed them back in Plantae.

Copeland classified the Fungi in his Protoctista, thus partially avoiding the bollinger bands trending market but acknowledging their special status. Evolutionary history how to get onyx big money medal in gears of war 3 that the fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.

As new discoveries enabled detailed study of cells and microorganisms, new groups of life were revealed, buying livestock australia the fields of cell biology and microbiology were created. This led to the six-kingdom system and eventually to the current three-domain systemwhich is based on evolutionary relationships. As microbiology, molecular biology and virology developed, non-cellular reproducing agents were discovered, such as viruses and viroids.

Whether these are considered alive has been a matter of debate; viruses lack characteristics of life such as cell membranes, metabolism and the ability to grow or respond to their environments. Viruses can still be classed into "species" based on their biology and geneticsbut many aspects of such a classification remain controversial.

In the meaning of wide bollinger bands a trend called cladistics emerged, arranging taxa based on clades in an evolutionary or phylogenetic tree. In systems of scientific classificationBiota [] is the superdomain that classifies all life.

Cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. Cell theory was formulated by Henri DutrochetTheodor SchwannRudolf Virchow and others during the early nineteenth century, and subsequently became widely accepted. There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organellesalthough they have circular DNA and ribosomes.

Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The other primary type of cells are the eukaryoteswhich have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondriachloroplastslysosomesrough and smooth endoplasmic reticulumand vacuoles. In addition, they possess organized chromosomes that store genetic material. All species of large complex organisms are eukaryotes, including animals, plants and fungi, though most species of eukaryote are protist microorganisms.

The molecular mechanisms of cell biology are based on proteins. Most of these are synthesized by the ribosomes through an enzyme-catalyzed process called protein biosynthesis. A sequence of amino acids is assembled and joined together based upon gene expression of the cell's nucleic acid. Cells reproduce through a process of cell division in which the parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

For prokaryotes, cell division occurs through a process of fission in which the DNA is replicated, then the two copies are attached to parts of the cell membrane. In gamma of call option formulaa more complex process of mitosis is followed.

However, the end result is the same; the resulting cell copies are identical to each other and to the original cell except binary options rate 101 pdf mutationsand both are capable of further division following an interphase period. Multicellular organisms may have first evolved through the formation of colonies invite friends and earn money in india cells.

These cells can form group organisms through cell adhesion. The individual members of a colony are capable of surviving on their own, whereas the members of a true multi-cellular organism have developed specializations, making them dependent on the remainder of the organism for survival.

Such organisms are formed clonally or from a single germ cell that is capable of forming the various specialized cells that form the adult organism.

This specialization allows multicellular organisms to exploit resources more efficiently than single cells. Cells have evolved methods to perceive and respond to their microenvironment, thereby enhancing their adaptability. Cell signaling coordinates cellular activities, and hence governs the basic functions of multicellular organisms.

Signaling between cells can occur through direct cell contact using juxtacrine signallingor indirectly through the exchange of agents as in the endocrine system. In more complex organisms, coordination of activities can occur through a dedicated nervous system.

Though life is confirmed only on Earth, many think that extraterrestrial life meaning of wide bollinger bands not only plausible, but probable or inevitable.

Other locations within the Solar System that may host microbial life include the subsurface of Marsthe upper atmosphere of Venus[] and subsurface oceans on some of the moons of the giant planets.

The inner and outer radii of this zone vary with the luminosity of the star, as does the time interval during which the zone survives. Stars more massive than the Sun have a larger habitable zone, but remain on the main sequence for a shorter time interval. Small red dwarfs have the opposite problem, with a smaller habitable zone that is subject to higher levels of magnetic activity and the effects of tidal locking from close orbits. Hence, stars in the intermediate mass range such as the Sun may have a greater likelihood for Earth-like life to develop.

Stars in regions with a greater abundance of heavier elements that can form planets, in combination with a low rate of potentially habitat -damaging supernova events, are predicted to have a higher probability of hosting planets with complex life. As a result, the number of civilizations in the galaxy can be estimated as low as 9.

Artificial life is the simulation of any aspect of life, as through computersroboticsor biochemistry. Scientists study the logic of living systems by creating artificial environments—seeking to understand the complex information processing that defines such systems.

Synthetic biology is a new area of biotechnology that combines science and biological engineering. The common goal is the design and construction of new biological functions and systems not found in nature. Synthetic biology includes the broad redefinition and expansion when stock market crash 1929 biotechnologywith the ultimate goals of being able to design and build engineered biological systems that process information, manipulate chemicals, fabricate materials and structures, produce energy, provide food, and maintain and enhance human health and the environment.

Death is the permanent termination of all vital functions or life processes in an organism or cell. After death, the remains of an organism re-enter the biogeochemical cycle.

Organisms may be consumed by a predator or a scavenger and leftover organic material may then be further decomposed by detritivoresorganisms that recycle detritusreturning it to the environment for reuse in the food chain.

One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. Death would seem to refer to either the moment life ends, or when the state that follows life begins. This is problematic, however, because there is little consensus over how to define life.

The nature of death has for millennia been a central concern of the world's religious traditions and of philosophical inquiry. Many religions maintain faith in either a kind of afterlife or reincarnation for the soulor resurrection of the body at a later date. Extinction is the process by which a group of taxa or species dies out, reducing biodiversity. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively after a period of apparent absence.

Species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing habitat or against superior competition. Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past.

The totality of fossils, both discovered and undiscovered, and their placement in fossil-containing rock formations and sedimentary layers strata is known as the fossil record. A preserved specimen is called a fossil if it is older than the arbitrary date of 10, years ago.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Life disambiguation and Life on Earth disambiguation.

Plant growth in the Hoh Rainforest. Herds of zebra and impala gathering on the Maasai Mara plain.

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Archived from the original on 3 May Retrieved 3 May Scientists now believe there could be as many habitable planets in the cosmos as there are stars, and that makes life's existence elsewhere "inevitable" over billions of years, says one. Venus, Mars, and the Ices on Mercury and the Moon: Astrobiological Implications and Proposed Mission Designs. Retrieved 27 January The University of Santa Cruz.

Retrieved 4 July Retrieved 9 June Archived from the original on 1 November Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Retrieved 27 June Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. San Diego Natural History Museum. Find more about Life at Wikipedia's sister projects. Links to related articles. Space Time Energy Matter Change Nature timeline. Meteorology Atmosphere Earth Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind. Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires.

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Big History Project Crash Course Big History ChronoZoom. Walter Alvarez Eric Chaisson David Christian Bill Gates Carl Sagan Graeme Snooks Cynthia Stokes Brown. Evolutionary history of life Index of evolutionary biology articles Introduction Outline of evolution Timeline of evolution.

Abiogenesis Adaptation Adaptive radiation Cladistics Coevolution Common descent Convergence Divergence Evidence of common descent Extinction Event Gene-centered view Homology Last universal common ancestor Macroevolution Microevolution Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Speciation Taxonomy.

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Renaissance and Enlightenment Transmutation of species Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species History of paleontology Transitional fossil The eclipse of Darwinism Modern synthesis History of molecular evolution Extended evolutionary synthesis.

Darwinism Alternatives to Darwinism Catastrophism Lamarckism Orthogenesis Mutationism Structuralism Spandrel Theistic Vitalism.

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Molecules detected in outer space.

Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium monoxide Argonium Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carborundum Cyanogen radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen molecular Hydroxyl radical Iron II oxide Magnesium monohydride cation Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen molecular Nitrogen monohydride Nitrogen sulfide Oxygen molecular Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon mononitride Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfur monohydride Sulfur monoxide Titanium oxide.

Acetylene Ammonia Cyanic acid Cyanoethynyl Cyclopropynylidyne Formaldehyde Fulminic acid HCCN Hydrogen peroxide Hydromagnesium isocyanide Isocyanic acid Isothiocyanic acid Ketenyl Methylene amidogen Methyl radical Propynylidyne Protonated carbon dioxide Protonated hydrogen cyanide Silicon tricarbide Thioformaldehyde Tricarbon monoxide Tricarbon sulfide Thiocyanic acid.

Ammonium ion Butadiynyl Carbodiimide Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanomethyl Cyclopropenylidene Formic acid Isocyanoacetylene Ketene Methane Methoxy radical Methylenimine Propadienylidene Protonated formaldehyde Protonated formaldehyde Silane Silicon-carbide cluster. Acetonitrile Cyanobutadiynyl radical E-Cyanomethanimine Cyclopropenone Diacetylene Ethylene Formamide HC 4 N Ketenimine Methanethiol Methanol Methyl isocyanide Pentynylidyne Propynal Protonated cyanoacetylene.

Acetaldehyde Acrylonitrile Cyanodiacetylene Ethylene oxide Hexatriynyl radical Methylacetylene Methylamine Methyl isocyanate Vinyl alcohol. Acetic acid Aminoacetonitrile Cyanoallene Ethanimine Glycolaldehyde Heptatrienyl radical Hexapentaenylidene Methylcyanoacetylene Methyl formate Propenal. Acetamide Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene Dimethyl ether Ethanol Methyldiacetylene Octatetraynyl radical Propene Propionitrile.

Acetone Benzene Buckminsterfullerene C 60 fullerene, buckyball C 70 fullerene Cyanodecapentayne Cyanopentaacetylene Cyanotetra-acetylene Ethylene glycol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Methyl-cyano-diacetylene Methyltriacetylene Propanal n-Propyl cyanide Pyrimidine.

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This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. Superclass Class Subclass Infraclass Parvclass. Magnorder Superorder Order Suborder Infraorder Parvorder. Genus Subgenus Section bot. Diatomic Aluminium monochloride Aluminium monofluoride Aluminium monoxide Argonium Carbon monophosphide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carborundum Cyanogen radical Diatomic carbon Fluoromethylidynium Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen molecular Hydroxyl radical Iron II oxide Magnesium monohydride cation Methylidyne radical Nitric oxide Nitrogen molecular Nitrogen monohydride Nitrogen sulfide Oxygen molecular Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus mononitride Potassium chloride Silicon carbide Silicon mononitride Silicon monoxide Silicon monosulfide Sodium chloride Sodium iodide Sulfur monohydride Sulfur monoxide Titanium oxide.

Satellite ssRNA satellite virus dsDNA satellite virus Virophage ssDNA satellite dsRNA satellite ssRNA satellite Virusoid.